Introduction
Rewiring a home can seem like an intimidating task, but with proper planning and safety precautions, it is possible for a diligent DIYer to rewire their home electrical system and enjoy the benefits of improved safety, convenience, and efficiency. In this comprehensive guide, I will walk through the entire process from start to finish, covering key steps like planning the rewiring project, obtaining permits, shutting off power, replacing wiring and outlets, installing new fixtures and switches, and testing your work. With patience and attention to detail, you can avoid the high costs of hiring an electrician and gain peace of mind knowing your home's electrical system is safer and meets your family's needs.
Develop a Rewiring Plan Based on Your Goals
Before buying any supplies or shutting off power, carefully consider your rewiring goals. Key questions to ask yourself include:
-
What parts of my home do I want to rewire - just certain rooms or circuits, or a whole-house rewiring?
-
What issues do I hope to correct, like improving safety, increasing capacity, or upgrading to GFCI outlets in kitchens, bathrooms, etc?
-
What changes do I want to make, like adding circuits, outlets, or high-voltage lines for large appliances?
-
Will I do the work myself or hire a knowledgeable helper for complex tasks?
-
How much can I budget for this project based on the expected scope?
Developing a clear plan and goals will streamline the process and shopping list. It's absolutely critical to be realistic about your DIY skills - some electrical work is best left to licensed professionals.
Obtain Any Required Permits
Depending on where you live, you may need a permit from your city to rewire a home, especially for large-scale projects. Building codes exist for safety, so don't skip this step. Research your local requirements and be ready to show detailed plans. The permit process can take days or weeks, so build this into your timeline.
Safely Shut Off Power at the Main Panel
Before working on any wiring, the power must be completely shut off at the main electrical panel to avoid electrocution. Here are the proper steps:
-
Locate your main breaker panel and open the door to expose the main shut-off breaker. It will likely be a large circuit breaker switch differentiated from others.
-
Using a non-conductive object like a wooden stick, fully shut off the main breaker and verify power is off everywhere in the house. Use a voltage tester on outlets.
-
Leave the panel door open while working so others know the power is off. A sign also helps.
-
If you have any other electrical panels like subpanels, fully shut them off as well using the same process.
Purchase Supplies Like New Outlets, Wires, Breakers
Once your plan is set, make a detailed list of every supply you will need and purchase them ahead of time. Reference your home's existing wiring to determine the right replacements. Key supplies include:
-
Romex or NM electrical wire in 12 or 14 gauge for 15 & 20 amp household circuits
-
Breakers that match your main panel, like single-pole 15/20 amp breakers
-
Outlets/receptacles in the styles needed, matching your existing outlets
-
Junction boxes and conduit if you are installing new outlet or switch boxes
-
Additional supplies like wire strippers, screwdrivers, voltmeter, etc.
Shop at home improvement stores for quality materials that meet National Electrical Code standards. Consider buying extra as a buffer.
Replace Existing Wire and Outlets
With the power off, you can start replacing old or insufficient wiring and outlets:
-
Remove existing outlets, switches and electrical boxes using a screwdriver. Take photos if the wiring is unclear.
-
Strip insulation and disconnect old wires from fixtures using wire strippers. Cap each wire end with wire nuts to avoid contact.
-
Run new NM cables from your main panel through walls and ceilings to each box. Follow local codes for proper wire gauge and installation method.
-
Connect new wires to outlets/switches using screwdrivers. Follow diagrams to get hot/neutral/ground wires correct.
-
Anchor new electrical boxes into studs or joists if needed. Feed new NM cables into each box.
-
Install new, updated outlets and light switches into boxes by securing with mounting screws.
Follow building codes closely, get inspections as required, and check boxes for fire hazards. Take your time to do neat, careful work.
Install New Dedicated Circuits and High-Voltage Wiring
If your plan calls for new dedicated circuits for appliances like air conditioners, laundry machines, or electric vehicle charging, the process is similar:
-
At the main panel, turn off power and install new dedicated breakers sized for the appliance load.
-
Run suitably rated NM cables from the panel to the new outlet locations following electrical code.
-
Install special high-voltage outlets designed for your particular appliances. Large 240-volt appliances require unique receptacles.
-
Use thicker wire gauges like 10 gauge wire for 50 amp EV chargers or electric stove circuits.
-
Label new circuit breakers and outlets clearly for safety.
New dedicated circuits eliminate the risk of overloads on existing circuits. Follow all codes for high-voltage wiring to avoid fire hazards. Consider hiring an electrician if you lack experience with 240-volt systems.
Add New Light Fixtures, Switches and Ceiling Fans
Additional improvements like installing new light fixtures, switches and ceiling fans are made simpler with the power off:
-
Install new electrical boxes if needed for additional switches and fixtures. Fish NM cables through walls.
-
Attach new lights like recessed cans, track lighting, pendant lights, etc. using mounting screws/hardware. Follow all instructions.
-
Connect fixture wiring to new NM cables in boxes. White is neutral, black is hot, green/bare is ground.
-
Install new switches in boxes, connecting hot and neutral wires properly to control lights.
-
Install new ceiling fans according to included directions. They require boxes rated for fan weight and typically have 3 wires.
-
Consider installing dimmers, smart switches, motion sensors or timers for greater lighting control.
Follow all safety precautions when working on ladders or platforms. New lighting makes a huge impact!
Test All Work Before Restoring Power
After the new wiring is complete, thoroughly test your work before turning power back on:
-
Do a final check that all circuit breakers are off and each wire end is securely capped off.
-
Inspect every electrical box, outlet and switch for loose connections, stray wires or code violations. Fix any issues.
-
Use a multimeter or continuity tester to confirm correct wire connections and no shorts.
-
Visually check that all junctions boxes are properly covered and closed.
-
Ensure safety devices like GFCIs and AFCIs are wired and functioning properly. Test trip each one.
-
Plug a lamp into each outlet and turn them on briefly to check for connection errors.
Only restore power once you've double-checked all work and are 100% certain it is correct and safe. Check local regulations on final inspections.
Follow Safety Best Practices Through the Whole Process
Working with electrical systems carries serious risks of electrocution and fire if safety rules are not followed:
-
Wear rubber-soled shoes and turn off power at the panel before starting any work. Double check it with a tester.
-
Only work on wires and components you understand completely. Consult an electrician if unsure.
-
Cap all wires with wire nuts whenever they are disconnected to contain energy.
-
Keep wires neatly organized and use cable ties to limit mess and confusion.
-
Never take shortcuts when running cables. Follow all codes for placement and wire gauge.
-
Use extreme caution on ladders given risk of electrocution from wires.
-
Label all breakers and outlets clearly. Install GFCIs in wet areas for added protection.
Working slowly and carefully will maximize safety at each step. Rushing leads to critical errors.
Final Thoughts
Rewiring your home is a complex project not to be underestimated, but also very doable for a dedicated DIYer who puts in the time to do careful research and planning. By methodically addressing each step listed above and following electrical codes, you can gain upgraded electrical capacity and safety without the expense of an electrician. Pay attention to details, work cautiously, and don't be afraid to call in a professional when you're unsure. Your improved peace of mind will be worth the effort.