Implementing small-scale wind turbines in remote locations can provide clean, renewable energy while reducing reliance on diesel generators. However, successfully installing and operating wind turbines in remote areas requires careful planning and consideration of the location's wind resource, energy needs, terrain, access, permitting, and long-term maintenance. This article provides a comprehensive guide on key factors to evaluate when implementing small wind turbines in off-grid, rural settings.
Evaluating the Wind Resource
The wind resource is the most critical factor when considering small wind turbines. Consistent, strong winds are needed for turbines to generate enough electricity.
Wind Speed
- The minimum average wind speed for small turbines is around 11 mph. At least 13 mph is recommended for reliable energy production.
- Prioritize locations with annual average wind speeds of 15 mph or greater at the proposed turbine height.
- Obtain at least 12 months of on-site wind speed data at the planned turbine height. Data logging equipment can collect detailed wind measurements.
- Review historical data from the nearest airport or meteorological station to broadly estimate the wind resource.
Wind Direction
- Record the prevailing wind direction(s) on site.
- Choose a location with the fewest obstructions in the area's dominant wind direction. Obstructions create turbulence that reduces power output.
Turbine Height
- Mounting turbines on taller towers increases wind speed exposure.
- 30-50 ft towers maximize energy production for most small-scale turbines.
- The turbine's height must exceed nearby obstructions (trees, buildings) by at least 30 ft to avoid turbulence.
Assessing Energy Needs
Determine the location's energy requirements to select an appropriately sized wind turbine.
- Estimate the average daily and monthly electricity consumption.
- Factor in future energy needs and growth.
- Choose a turbine rated at least 20% higher than the location's energy requirements.
- For larger demands, install multiple turbines or hybrid wind-solar systems.
Evaluating Access and Infrastructure
Assess if the remote site can support transporting and constructing a wind turbine.
- Transporting turbine components may require specialized vehicles capable of handling large, awkward loads.
- Confirm that there is accessible roads and sufficient space for cranes needed during installation.
- Determine if tree clearing or grading is needed to create space for the turbine and cranes.
- If power lines are not present, evaluate installing new distribution infrastructure.
Siting Considerations
Carefully select where on the property to install the wind turbine(s) after assessing the wind resource, energy needs, zoning setbacks, and other factors.
- Seek wide open spaces with few obstructions to turbulence.
- Consider potential noise or visual impacts to neighbors when siting turbines.
- Avoid areas with signs of excessive erosion, standing water, or unstable soils that could undermine foundations.
- Check county zoning laws for setback requirements from property lines, dwellings, and utilities. Many counties require setbacks of 1-1.5 times the turbine height.
Obtaining Permits
Most jurisdictions require permits to install small wind turbines:
- Building permits are needed to construct the tower and foundations.
- Utility interconnection permits are required if connecting to the grid.
- Zoning variances may be necessary if towers exceed height restrictions.
- Permits often take 3-6 months, so apply well in advance of installation.
Long-Term Operation and Maintenance
Properly maintaining small wind turbines ensures their longevity and performance.
- Establish access paths to the turbine for regular inspections and repairs.
- Plan for preventative maintenance like lubricating parts and checking fasteners twice a year.
- Budget for unscheduled repairs of wear items like blades or bearings over the turbine's 20-25 year lifespan.
- Arrange for skilled technicians to perform complex maintenance and repairs.
By carefully evaluating these factors, small-scale wind turbines can provide clean, low-cost power to remote homes, farms, and communities. Proper siting and planning enables small wind projects to successfully meet local energy needs for decades.