How to Rewire Your 1850s Home Without Burning it Down

Assess the Current Wiring

Before beginning any rewiring project in an older home, it's crucial to fully assess the current electrical system. Hire a licensed electrician to inspect the wiring and provide a professional opinion on its safety and what updates are recommended. They can check for:

• Knob and tube wiring - This very old wiring from the 1850s onward is dangerous as the insulation breaks down over time. It must be entirely replaced.
• Unsafe connections - Loose, improperly connected, or spliced wires can cause shorts, sparks, and fires.
• Overloaded circuits - Outdated wiring often can't handle the electricity needs of modern devices and appliances. This can blow fuses or cause fires.
• Faulty grounding - Proper grounding is essential for safety, and older homes often have insufficient grounding.

The electrician can advise if a complete rewire is recommended or if some components can be left in place or upgraded. Their inspection will lay the groundwork for the scope of the project.

Develop a Rewiring Plan

Once the assessment is complete, you can develop a rewiring plan and budget. Key factors to consider:

• Priorities - If money is limited, focus first on replacing the most hazardous wiring. Leave less risky components for later phases.
• Materials - Copper wiring and modern insulation are safest. Use fire-resistant insulation between floors.
• Electrical panel - An upgrade to 200 amps or more may be needed to support additional circuits.
• Permitting - Obtain all required permits from your local building department before starting.
• Contractor vs DIY - Consider hiring an electrical contractor, especially if you lack experience. This is not a project for amateurs.

Creating a room-by-room plan for the areas to be rewired will help keep the project organized. Be sure to account for any wiring to outbuildings as well.

Safely Remove Old Wiring

When ready to start the rewire, safety should be the top priority. Proper precautions include:

• Turn off power - Shut off electricity to the entire house at the main breaker before starting any electrical work.
• Asbestos - Test old insulation for asbestos. If found, abatement by professionals will be required.
• Lead paint - Assume paint is lead-based and take precautions to control dust.
• Fire extinguisher - Have an ABC fire extinguisher on hand in case sparks ignite insulation or framing.
• Respirator - Wear an N95 respirator mask to avoid breathing dust and fibers.

Work methodically and carefully. Removing old knob and tube wiring often involves drilling holes in framing to extract wires. Go slow to avoid unnecessary damage to home structure.

Install New Wiring and Components

The extent of the rewire will dictate how much new wiring is required. Follow local building codes and these best practices:

• Use approved materials - Follow codes for wire gauge, insulation type, and materials. Copper wiring is recommended.
• Organize circuits - Logically group lighting, receptacles, and appliances. Dedicated circuits prevent overloads.
• Include plenty of circuits - It's better to have too many than too few. 20 circuits is common for a whole house rewire.
• Use safe connections - Choose soldered, crimped, or wire nut connections. No loose wires or improper splices.
• Label everything - Use tags and a detailed log to label each circuit at the breaker.

A licensed electrician should install the new electrical panel and inspect final connections. Thoroughly test all lighting, switches, and receptacles to verify proper operation once the rewire is complete.

Work Carefully and Avoid Hazards

Rewiring an old home has inherent dangers. Exercise extreme care and caution:

• Protect wiring - Do not let wires rest against plumbing, ductwork, or framing edges that could damage insulation.
• Secure wires - Use insulated staples to securely affix wires every 4-6 feet. Do not let wires dangle loosely.
• Guard against shock - Inspect wires for damage during and after installation. Use GFCI outlets for protection.
• Check connections - Verify all connections are tight and insulated. Loose connections can arc and spark.
• Keep dust controlled - Use plastic sheeting during demolition to contain dust and debris. Vacuum frequently.
• Work safely - Do not rush or take shortcuts. Use caution on ladders, in tight spaces, and when using tools.

Aging wiring presents serious fire and shock risks. Allow plenty of time for the project, get all necessary permits, and hire professionals when needed. Safety should be the top priority throughout a rewire project in an older home. Proceeding carefully will help avoid catastrophic mishaps.