How to Rewire Your 1890s Home Without Burning it Down

Assess the Existing Electrical System

Before starting any rewiring project in an old home, it's crucial to fully understand the existing electrical system. Here's how I go about this:

• Carefully examine the electrical panel to see the type of wiring, fuse sizes, number of circuits, etc. Older homes often have insufficient circuits and undersized wiring that's not up to modern electrical loads.

• Test outlets and switches throughout the house. Use a receptacle tester to see if there are any wiring faults. This can identify dangerous issues like reversed polarity, open grounds, etc.

• Note any knob and tube wiring, typically present in homes built before 1930. This old wiring is inefficient and potentially hazardous - replacement should be a top priority.

• Check for any evidence of amateur DIY electrical work done improperly over the years. This can often lead to problems.

Create a Rewiring Plan

Once I fully understand the existing system, I develop a detailed rewiring plan and checklist. Key points:

• List all the upgrades I want - more outlets, light switches, circuits, etc.

• Identify which sections to completely rewire versus just running new wires from the panel. Target all old knob and tube wiring for replacement.

• Create a room-by-room plan for the new wiring, outlets, switches, and fixtures.

• Determine if I'll need to upgrade the main service panel to support additional amperage. Old 60-100 amp panels often need to be replaced with 200 amps or more for modern usage.

• Plan safe routing for new wiring to avoid drilling into existing wiring or plumbing.

Safety First! Turn Off Power and Install GFCIs

Before touching any wiring, I make sure to:

• Shut off all the circuit breakers. Then I verify power is off using a non-contact voltage tester. Safety first!

• Install GFCI outlets on any existing circuits I'll be using, to prevent electrocution. Choose "self-testing" GFCIs for the most protection.

• Post warning signs and notify family members to avoid turning breakers back on unexpectedly!

Replace Knob and Tube Wiring

If the home has old knob and tube wiring, I make replacing this a top priority. Here's how I'd go about it safely:

• Review local building codes for any special requirements related to knob and tube wiring replacement.

• Run all-new wiring to replace old wiring spans from the panel to outlets/switches. Don't tap into existing knob and tube wires - replace them completely.

• For metal-clad wiring routed through framing, carefully remove screws and pull the wiring free. Use caution not to damage the old brittle insulation.

• Any sections in plastic/flexible conduit can typically be fished out and replaced by feeding new wires in.

• Consult an electrician if any live knob and tube wiring can't be de-energized - this introduces additional hazards.

Run New Wiring and Add Circuits

When running new wiring, key tips include:

• Use 12/2 NM cable for 15/20A small appliance circuits, and 10/2 NM cable for 20/30A major appliance circuits. Match wire size to circuit amperage.

• Select GFCI-protected circuits for bathrooms, kitchen, exterior, garage, and potentially wet locations. This greatly reduces shock risk.

• Run separate neutral wires for each circuit, no shared neutrals. Pigtail all neutral connections.

• Follow code for securing cables every 4.5 ft and within 12 in of boxes. Avoid sagging or loose cables.

• Run cables through drill-points in framing. Avoid notching/boring holes in joists to prevent weakening them.

• Label all wires clearly at both ends for easy identification. Document circuits on an updated electrical panel schedule.

Install New Lights, Switches and Outlets

Finally, it's time to install all the fun new wiring endpoints! I'd recommend:

• Use tamper-resistant receptacles for added safety, especially if you have young kids.

• Install AFCI or AFCI/GFCI combo breakers to protect all lighting/outlet circuits. This can prevent fires from arcs/sparks.

• Use quality wall plates that match your home's style. Upgrade from old worn-out plates for a cleaner look.

• Position outlets thoughtfully for good access, avoiding bending down or reaching up high. Place them consistently at the same height.

• Treat yourself to nice light fixtures! Check for EnergyStar LED bulbs to save on electricity too. Proper lighting makes a home.

• Label all circuits clearly in the breaker panel and at switch/outlet boxes. This aids troubleshooting later on.

Testing and Next Steps

After completing all the wiring upgrades, I recommend:

• Turn the power back on and methodically test each new circuit, outlet and switch. Verify proper operation.

• Fix any loose connections right away - these can lead to arcs/fires if left unattended.

• Check voltage levels at outlets with a multimeter. Ideally 120V, but 100-125V is often acceptable in old homes.

• Consider having the work inspected by the township to ensure it meets electrical code requirements. Some areas require this.

• Finally, re-install all fixtures, covers, and trim. Enjoy that fresh rewired feeling! You did it!

Stay safe and avoid burn down when rewiring an old home. Follow good wiring practices and use GFCI protection. Take your time, do it right the first time, and you'll have reliable, modern electrical power for years to come.