Rewiring a home can seem like an intimidating task, but with the proper planning and safety precautions, it is possible for a motivated DIYer to rewire their home without professional help. In this comprehensive guide, I will walk through all the key steps involved in a home rewiring project to empower you to take on this project yourself.
Understanding Electrical Basics Before Rewiring
Before attempting to rewire a home, it's crucial to understand some electrical fundamentals to ensure the work is done safely and correctly. Some key concepts include:
Electrical Terminology
- Voltage - The force that drives electrical current, measured in volts. Common household voltage is 120V.
- Current - The flow of electricity through a conductor like a wire, measured in amps.
- Wattage - The rate of electrical power, calculated by multiplying voltage and current.
- Circuit Breaker - A safety device that automatically interrupts electrical flow in a circuit when it senses overload.
Electrical Safety
- Assume all wires are live. Never work on wires when the power is still on.
- Use insulated tools and wear protective gear like gloves and eyewear.
- Never touch bare wires or terminals when the circuit is live.
- Use GFCI outlets to prevent electrocution.
Electrical Codes
Familiarize yourself with the National Electrical Code (NEC) and local regulations for proper, safe electrical work. Key requirements include:
- Adequate wire gauge for expected electrical load
- Proper wire connections and insulation
- Overcurrent protection through fuses or circuit breakers
- Appropriate use of junction boxes, conduits and cables
Planning the Rewiring Project
Careful planning is crucial before starting any rewiring project. Key planning steps include:
Documenting Existing Electrical System
- Create a detailed diagram of the existing wiring, noting runs, connections and fixtures.
- Identify issues or deficiencies to address in new wiring.
Determining New Wiring Plan
- Decide if you will run entirely new wiring or piggyback off existing wires.
- Map out the planned new circuits and connections.
- Select locations for any new outlets, switches or fixtures.
Choosing Wire Type and Size
- Select copper wiring in an appropriate gauge for expected electrical load and run length.
- Common choices are 14 AWG and 12 AWG for 15A and 20A household circuits.
Calculating Expected Electrical Load
- Sum up wattages of all lights, outlets and devices on each circuit.
- Plan circuits accordingly so they are not overloaded.
- Leave room for future additional load capacity.
Creating Materials List
- Make a comprehensive list of all needed wiring, conduits, boxes, panels, disconnects and parts.
- Include safety gear like gloves and glasses.
- Account for extra materials for unforeseen situations.
Safely Running New Wiring
When it's time to start the actual rewiring work, safety becomes the top priority. Follow these tips when running new wiring:
Turn Off Power and Install GFCIs
- Shut off power at the main breaker before starting work.
- Test wires with a non-contact voltage tester to be doubly sure.
- Install GFCI outlets on all existing wiring you plan to piggyback from.
Remove Old Wiring
- Carefully detach any existing wiring you will abandon from outlets, switches and fixtures.
- Do not simply cut off old wires and leave them hidden in walls. This is a hazard.
- Pull out unneeded wires completely whenever possible.
Protect Wires and Prevent Overload
- Use appropriate wire gauges and circuit breaker amperages.
- Avoid running too many wires through any single conduit or junction box.
- Use cable clamps and staples to secure wires every 4-6 feet.
Make Secure Connections
- Use approved connectors like wire nuts or crimp connectors.
- Tighten connections securely and insulate properly.
- Ensure junction boxes are accessible and sized appropriately.
Label New Wiring
- Clearly label all new circuits at endpoints and the electrical panel.
- Distinctly color code wires as per convention.
Installing New Electrical Panels or Upgrades
Major rewiring jobs often involve replacing the main electrical service panel. Exercise extreme caution when working in the panel:
Hire an Electrician if Unsure
- Only attempt panel work if you are 100% comfortable.
- Hiring an electrician is strongly advised if you have any doubts with panels.
De-energize and Confirm Power is Off
- Have the utility company de-energize lines and remove any meters.
- With meters removed, re-check wires with a non-contact voltage tester.
Follow Precise Instructions
- Closely follow the new panel's detailed installation instructions.
- Use extreme care not to contact any live bus bars or terminals.
Arrange Permits and Inspections
- Obtain all required permits for panel upgrades or replacements.
- Schedule necessary inspections of the new installation.
Wrapping Up the Project
Once all new wires are run and everything is connected, it's time to finish the rewiring project:
Testing Each New Circuit
- With all wiring complete, restore power and methodically test each new circuit.
- Verify proper function of all outlets, lights and switches.
Insulating and Securing Wires
- Confirm all wire connections are securely insulated.
- Check that all wires are neatly secured using staples or cable ties.
Labeling Breakers and Panels
- Clearly label all new breakers and update the panel's circuit directory.
Conducting Final Safety Checks
- Carefully inspect all wiring one last time looking for errors.
- Check for potential shorts by energizing circuits before closing walls.
Managing Wall Repair and Cleanup
- Seal penetrations with fireblock sealant to maintain fire rating.
- Patch drywall neatly and blend in with paint or texture.
- Thoroughly clean up all dust and debris when finished.
Arranging Final Inspections
- Have an experienced electrician do a final inspection when complete.
- Schedule any required final inspections by permitting officials.
Conclusion
Rewiring a home is a major undertaking but entirely possible for a motivated do-it-yourselfer who takes the time to properly plan the project and follow safety best practices. Always exercise caution when working with electrical systems and do not hesitate to call in a professional electrician if ever in doubt. With adequate care and preparation, rewiring your home without professional assistance can save you a considerable amount of money. Just be sure to research local requirements thoroughly and adhere to all applicable electrical codes.